Diabetes 2 Causes and Dangers

Posted by admin on Jun 30th, 2009 | 0 comments

Diabetes 2 affects 85 to 90 per cent of all people with diabetes. Nearly all diabetics got their disease from having an harmful lifestyle but diabetes 2 could as well be genetic. One of two things occurs in diabetes.

The pancreas can?t produce insulin (type 1 diabetes) or else; the cells don?t respond to the insulin correctly and the pancreas produces insufficient insulin for the body?s increased needs (diabetes 2).

The most common diabetes type is diabetes 2. Diabetes 2 affects approximately 95% of all diabetics. Unlike the first type, diabetes 2 makes the body incapable to act in response to insulin.

What is the reason for getting diabetes 1 or diabetes 2? No one knows why people get diabetes. Researchers suggest that diabetes occurs as a viral illness triggers the immune system to destroy the insulin-making cells in the pancreas. Diabetes results from the incapability of the body to produce adequate amount of insulin.

What is insulin? What is the insulin function? Insulin is a hormone that helps the body cells to use the glucose. The insulin is responsible for breaking down the glucose in our blood stream and avoiding the sugar level from coming up.

What is glucose? What is the glucose function? Carbohydrate foods contain glucose. It is the major resource of energy used by the body. Sugar is one of the glucose types. Glucose comes from foods that contain carbohydrates such as potatoes, bread, pasta and rice, fruit and milk.

How is glucose absorbed into the blood stream and provides us energy? After the food is digested, the glucose is released and absorbed into the blood stream . The glucose in the blood stream needs to move into body tissues so that cells can turn it into energy. Additional glucose is stored in the liver or transformed into fat. The fat is being stored in other body tissues.

How to avoid diabetes 2? Although the causes of diabetes 2 are known and in some cases it can be prevented there is no cure for diabetes 2.

Currently, there is. Foods that are high in fat and cholesterol are not suggested to people who would like to be safe from. Further, to be safe from Diabetes 2, take regular exercise. Keep your body active and boost your resistance to other illness and some of the serious complications caused by having diabetes.

Having Diabetes 2 does not merely diminish the body, it could also widen to different parts of the body. Just the once it spreads, it can lead to removal of body parts to prevent the illness from spreading to vital body organs.

While Diabetes 2 worsens, it could cause damages in the heart, kidney and even the eyes. Heart disease, kidney complications and blindness is conditions that you would never want to have and it could come from diabetes.

Diabetes And Related Issues

Posted by admin on Jun 27th, 2009 | 0 comments

DIABETES

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a very common and well known disease now days. People have started taking it as serious as they take to Cancer, but the most important question to know is “What is Diabetes?”

Diabetes is known as problem of ‘high sugar’. Fasting blood glucose level of around 126mg% or more is called as diabetes.

What is Prediabetes?

When the fasting blood glucose level ranges between 101 and 125 mg%, it is known as Prediabetes. This stage is an important one which gives an opportunity to prevent full blown diabetes to occur.

What are the reasons behind Diabetes?

Much of our food which we eat is converted into glucose. To consume this glucose our body requires insulin. When lacking of insulin occurs, this glucose cannot be utilized properly by the body and diabetes occurs.

Why do symptoms occur in diabetes?

Diabetes symptoms occur because of storage of high blood sugar and less sugar utilization by the body parts.

Diabetes symptoms

Accumulation of high blood sugar causes excess of urination, excess in thirst, vision difficulty, increased infection chances. Inability of body to consume glucose causes excessive hunger, irritability, confusion, weakness, tiredness and weight loss that can be dangerous.

Why is it important to know about diabetes?

Diabetes can cause serious complications which can cause early death. Additionally it can also cause severe economical burden for the patient and the government. One of ten people gets diabetes.

Can diabetes be prevented and cured?

Our body generates insulin, lacking of insulin is the reason behind Diabetes. Diabetes can be prevented by providing some additional insulin to an individual by some external medium. In some cases diabetes can be prevented and in some it can be cured. That is for very small percentage of patients only. We should not be fooled by false claims of cure for diabetes.

What are the major complications of diabetes?

Complications of diabetes can be life threatening and include ketosis, low blood sugar, kidney failure, high blood sugar, heart attack, acidosis, stroke and sepsis. Other complications of diabetes can be debilitating and include foot amputation, blindness, impaired kidney function, impotence and nerve problems.

Can Diabetes complications be prevented?

Yes they can be. All the complications of diabetes can be prevented if the proper treatment and management for diabetes starts on a right time. Even if the proper treatment and management starts late further significant deterioration can be prevented.

Can a diabetic live a normal life?

Yes they can. With the help of advance therapy a diabetic can easily live a normal life as a non-diabetic person can. To live normal life, the patient should have full knowledge of diabetes, its prevention and complications. For the best outcomes diabetic person should also know where they stand in reference to the best available care for this disease in the world. Just consulting with a doctor and taking medicines is not enough for them.

Is urine glucose testing the right and best way to mange diabetes?

No. Daily blood sugar testing is the best way to manage diabetes. Urine shows glucose when it is over 180mg percent in the blood. Much harm can happen when blood sugar lies between 140 and 180 percent on long term basis. Also morning urine gives an average of all night’s urine. Blood sugar testing is therefore the best way to manage diabetes.

What is the most important number in diabetes?

Blood sugar testing gives blood level of sugar for that particular moment when the blood was taken for testing. A1C is another important test which gives an average of blood sugar readings over the past few months. A1C is even more important than a single blood sugar reading as it is to correlated with complications of diabetes in a patient.

Type 2 Diabetes

Posted by admin on Jun 24th, 2009 | 0 comments

I was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes about six years ago. I was at the doctor’s office because my thyroid was swollen, and he said my bloodwork showed very high sugar levels. My mother has diabetes, which started later on in her life, and doctors have said to me, “Well, either you, your sister, or your brother will have diabetes,” and I thought, “That will be me!” My sister’s is perfect, my brother’s is perfect, and of course I have it.

I went to a new doctor about three years ago and she changed my medicine entirely, because she wasn’t happy with my sugar levels and wanted to try something different. We tried one that made me feel really sick, but I’m on something different now that controls my sugar but doesn’t make me sick.

I test my blood sugar every day, once a day, usually in the morning before I take my medicine. I just had my A1C level tested and my doctor told me it was 6.1 — she said it’s perfect. I’m really happy about that because for so long my numbers weren’t where they were supposed to be. So I think the medication has really done it.

Besides taking medications, though, my life hasn’t changed that much. My diabetes is well managed and the medication pretty much takes care of it. Since my diagnosis, I’m not drinking sodas with sugar, you know, things like that, and not eating sweets. I look for sugar-free now, everything I get.

Sheila

My type 2 diabetes was diagnosed because I kept urinating. I couldn’t work; every five or ten minutes I was running to the restroom. I can’t say I was totally surprised because everyone on my dad’s side of the family has it – his mother, his siblings, and now me and my younger sister.

I knew that food habits had to change when I got diagnosed. My grandmother was a diabetic for 40 or 50 years, and she really took care of herself. When I would visit her in the summer she would teach me how to cook. She would say, “Fix my plate,” and she would hand me a cup, a drinking cup like a tea cup, and she would say “Put my peas in the cup. Don’t fill the cup up.” That’s how she measured her servings. And she was really good about it.

I test my blood sugar every morning. Some days I take it twice a day and I alternate from the lunch to the dinner time.

At the beginning of the year I lost 20 pounds. I don’t believe when people say, “If you lose weight, you can do without the medicine.” I know people who have lost weight — a lot of weight — and they still need medicine for their blood sugar. But I do know that taking care of yourself is important. I have been doing more physical activity, and I’d have to say I do feel good.

Sharon

I had a brother with diabetes, and I was aware of the symptoms. So when I started being thirsty all the time and waking up quite a few times in the night to go to the restroom, I thought that I better get tested. Sure enough, my doctor told me that I definitely had type 2 diabetes. And, of course, nobody wants to be a diabetic, but he pretty much told me that it’s controllable if you do what you need to do. Then he started me on medicines right away.

Some weeks are harder than other weeks. When I was first diagnosed, I thought, “Oh, there goes everything. I can’t eat this. I can’t eat that. I can’t have sweets.” That was the biggest thing. But I learned that I can have a sweet every now and then, just as long as I don’t go overboard.

I changed my activity level after I found out that I had diabetes. I love sweets and I wasn’t as active as I needed to be. I was taking medicine and changed my eating habits, and now I try to walk more. When I go shopping I park further out so that I have to walk in. When it’s feasible, I’ll take the steps instead of the elevator. So I have increased my exercise, but even at that sometimes I fall off. Right now, it’s down to twice a week, but I’m trying to do more again.

I hear about people who stop taking their diabetes medicine, but I wouldn’t do that. My blood sugars are good. I may have missed a day of medicine because maybe I forgot, but never two or three days because I just know that I feel good and I’m too afraid to go the other route. I don’t want to develop diabetic retinopathy or neuropathy or anything like that.

I hate that I have diabetes, but I’m awfully glad that I have something that treats it. I don’t think I’ll ever be a person who say, “Oh, I’m glad I have diabetes and I can work out all the time” — never that! But my future, I think, looks pretty good to me right now.

Troy

I had my doctor test me for diabetes every time I went for a checkup, because my mother and her father both had type 1 diabetes. Between my sedentary lifestyle and bad eating habits, I thought I’d better keep an eye on my blood sugar.

One of those days he came in and said “Well, I think we better start treatment.” So I wasn’t really surprised. I figured it would come along eventually with my family history and my lifestyle. But I knew it was time to be more serious about dealing with it.

Not long ago, my new doctor gave me a really thorough physical and decided to increase the dose of the medicine I was taking, and she added a second medicine. She said the two together would help to control my blood sugar better, and it has.

I have not made a lot of changes to my diet, but I have cut down on sugars and I don’t eat desserts any more. Actually, my diet was never really that bad – there was just too much of it! So I have cut back on the portions, too I’d thought that giving up desserts would be a lot harder than it was. I discovered quickly that I didn’t miss it at all, but I miss rice a lot.

At first, my diagnosis didn’t change my exercise habits. I started to do more exercise a few years ago, when my doctor increased the dose of my medicine. She told me, “You need to start changing the way you live because at some point these medicines may not work for you and then we’re going to have to look at insulin injections.” It was kind of a surprise to me that I might be headed in that direction, because I didn’t think that could happen with type 2 diabetes. So I decided to start working out.

I think I’m living with diabetes very well. It’s not something that consumes my thoughts most of the time, because doesn’t really impact my life much. I just have to be sure and take my medicines. I think about exercise as something I do for my general health and to lose weight – something I’d do with or without diabetes. I know that losing weight will help my diabetes, too, but I didn’t go into it with a goal of improving my diabetes, really. I feel like as long as I’m in regular contact with my doctor to keep an eye on things, that I’m not going to let it rule me.

Lauren

I expected to get type 2 diabetes. When I had gestational diabetes during my pregnancy, my physician told me it’s not a matter of if, but when. I’ve heard about diabetes all my life because my grandmother and my aunt both died from diabetes-related issues.

One summer I was drinking a lot of sugary drinks. My vision started getting blurry, and I just knew. So I saw my doctor, and my blood sugar numbers were off the charts. So I cut out the sweet drinks and when I went on medication, my numbers came back down.

After my diagnosis, I started eating healthier. Not eating fast food as much. We always ate a lot of fast food, but now if we go out to eat, I make healthier choices.

I checked my blood sugar a lot when I was first diagnosed, but not as much now – maybe four times a week, just to make sure I’m on target. I do it mornings to get a fasting blood sugar level, and then sometimes to see how I react to a certain food or something, like, an hour after I eat.

I try to walk more places than usual or just get out and walk the dog – basically, just be more mobile instead of sedentary.

I’m hopeful that I can keep myself healthy and not have circulatory problems or other diabetes complications, but I know that have to be a part of it. My mom had a massive stroke nine years ago and was paralyzed on her left side. She had just been diagnosed two years before that with diabetes, and she stopped taking her medicine. So I could see what the future could hold for me if I don’t take care of myself.

Welcome to Shop Them All’s Diabetic Mall, With Over 10,000 Products & the Best Prices on the Net

Posted by admin on Jun 21st, 2009 | 0 comments

  Welcome To Shop Them All’s Diabetic Mall. We are here for your Good Health. You will find over 10,000 of hard to find as well as all the Latest Products at the best prices on the net. We also offer Articles, News and Information for the Maintenance, Treatment and Curing of Type 1 & 2 Diabetes. The Diabetic Mall covers both the Medical and Holistic Approaches for Treatment and Living with Diabetes.

  

   The International Diabetes Federation recently published findings revealing that in 2007, the country with the largest numbers of people with diabetes is India (41 million), followed by China (40 million), the United States (24 million), Russia (10 million) and Germany (8 million). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predict that this Disabling Disease will Double by 2050.

  

   Some other alarming diabetes statistics include the fact that there is one person in the world dying of diabetes every ten seconds. Also, there will be two new diabetic cases in the world being identified every ten seconds. And, what’s worse, these very same diabetes statistics tell us that by the year 2025, there will be as many as seven million new diabetic cases in the world. Another frightening statistic is that More than 5 million of the 24 million Americans who have diabetes don’t know it.

  

   Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With Type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not make or use insulin well. Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood.

  

   Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious problems. It can damage your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke and even the need to remove a limb. Pregnant women can also get diabetes, called gestational diabetes.

  

   The symptoms can be some or all of the following; blurred vision; feelings of irritability; severe fatigue; unexpected weight loss; feelings of extreme hunger; an excessive thirst; a frequent desire to urinate, often during the night; irritation of the skin in the genital area and the slower than normal healing of superficial wounds.

  

   With all of this in mind… We have made this site for you, the Diabetic and the Potential Diabetic.  We have gone to great length to put together a site where all can come to Shop for all your Diabetic Needs, Learn about the Disease and the Treatments Available, Get Tested if you are experiencing symptoms as well as to create community, make new friends living the Diabetic Life. A place where all can share their knowledge, experiences and information. Some content which we have researched and added to The Mall is our Diabetes Information Link Page, Our My Fellow Diabetic Forum and the Diabetic Mall Blog where Fellow Diabetics can Communicate and Share what is working and what is not working for them. This is more then just a Forum and a Blog, it is an Online Diabetic Community where all can come together…

  

   Having and Living with Diabetes is a Lifestyle in itself… Always Remember… You Are Not Alone… And the Diabetic Mall is here for you… Thanks Much… Be Healthy and Make It A Great Life, You Deserve It!

                    Just Go To…  http://www.ShopThemAll.net/DiabeticMall

Is It Possible To Control Your Diabetes With Nutritional Supplements?

Posted by admin on Jun 18th, 2009 | 0 comments

Improper nutrition does contribute to the development of diabetes, but proper nutrition can be a powerful treatment for this disease. (1) This disease is so closely related to diet and nutrition; scientists have studied how nutritional supplements can effectively treat diabetes. In researching vitamin supplements, researchers have found that many vitamins and herbs can effectively help lower blood sugar. Some of these supplements are vitamin C, B vitamins, minerals like chromium and vanadyl sulfate, and herbs like Gymnema Sylvestre can all help lower blood sugar. If one combines these supplements together, they can synergistically work together to lower blood sugar. First let’s look at what diabetes is and then we can discuss how these supplements work.

The foods we eat are digested and broken down into simpler forms; most carbohydrates are broken down into sugar also known as glucose. These sugars are absorbed through the intestinal tract into the bloodstream where it is circulated through out the body to feed cells.

Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas. The pancreas is a long skinny organ that sits behind the stomach adding enzymes into the digested food. Insulin helps deliver nutrients and sugar from the bloodstream into cells where it is needed. The sugar supplies energy to various organs such as the heart and lungs; for example the heart beats and lungs breathe which keep us alive as a result of sugar’s energy supply. (2,3)

There are two classes of diabetes type I and type II. Type I diabetes is sometimes called insulin dependent, juvenile or child onset diabetes. This type usually starts at a very early age and the pancreas stops producing insulin. When the body does not make insulin, the sugar stays in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells where it’s needed. This can be fatal, so a person with type I diabetes needs a shot of insulin every day for his/her body to function properly (to stay alive).

Type II diabetes usually starts in adults and is the most common kind of diabetes in America. Most people who have diabetes have type II, that’s about 90% -95% of all diabetics in America. In this type of diabetes, the pancreas is producing enough insulin but the body doesn’t use the insulin effectively. This is called insulin resistance, cells in the body do not respond to the insulin and so the pancreas produces more and more insulin to over compensate this resistance. When blood sugar starts to raise in the bloodstream in this manner, the medical doctor (MD) will diagnose type II diabetes. Most type II diabetics need a prescription drug to lower the blood sugar because a diet change isn’t enough to control their blood sugar problem. (4)

In both cases, the blood sugar is too high in the bloodstream and will cause several problems. The first problem is cells cannot absorb sugar for energy; they starve and start to die. Secondly an excess amount of sugar in the blood leads to cardiovascular disease, hardening of the arteries, nerve and eye damage, and kidney damage.

Scientists are not exactly sure what causes type I diabetes, but they do know it has something to do with the immune system. A healthy immune system protects us from the common cold and cancer cells (cells in the body that go bad). The immune system can becomes confused and starts attacking good cells, in some cases, the healthy cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, which causes diabetes. (4)

Type II diabetes has been linked to individuals who are overweight. These overweight individuals have high blood pressure and high cholesterol as well which may also lead to this form of diabetes. Being overweight causes the body to become insulin resistant and by dropping some excess weight one could possibly reverse type II diabetes (rare).

If you think you have diabetes, you should look for the following symptoms. Type I diabetics usually have frequent urination because of the high blood sugar; the kidneys are trying to balance the body’s bloodstream. The kidneys are forced to eliminate all the unused nutrients and sugar in the blood over working the kidneys and if left unchecked can lead to kidney damage. If you experience intense thirst, your body is trying to replace the liquids lost from frequent urination. You may experience increased hunger but you will not gain weight when you do eat more. This is because your body’s cells need more nutrients, but since these cells can not absorb the insulin and nutrients the body starves.

With type II diabetes you might not notice any symptoms. Type II diabetes usually happens very gradually and the person doesn’t know about it till diabetic complications occur, then it’s too late. (3,4)

All diabetic complications are caused from high blood sugar. The longer the blood sugar goes unchecked the greater your chances of having complications. High blood sugar causes cardiovascular disease. The blood vessels begin to thicken from excess fat in the bloodstream because high blood sugar elevates the fat circulating in the blood. When the vessels thicken circulation becomes poor and with poor circulation your ability to heal is impaired. Heart attack, heart pain, and stroke are common in diabetics because of poor circulation and blocked arteries form all the fat buildup in the blood vessels.

Nerve damage is another complication of diabetes. Diabetics may notice numbness in their arms and legs because of nerve damage caused from high blood sugar. These nerves can not send signals to the brain relaying pain and touching sensations. Most diabetics will notice numbness in the feet and lower legs before other parts of the body are effected. (3,4)

The next complication is eye damage. A more sever complication because going blind is not pleasant for anyone. The eye has very small delicate vessels in the retina, these vessels help you see when light shines upon them in the eye. When blood vessels are weakened, they can hemorrhage and leak fluid into the eye. This causes swelling and blurs the vision. There is a clear gel in the eye keeping it solid and round, if blood leaks into this gel, your vision can become blurred or completely impaired. As the eye continues to get damaged, the eye will attempt to repair itself by growing new vessels. These new vessels are fragile and can burst. Scar tissue can form and cause the retina to pull away from the eye, worst case causing blindness. (3,4)

Blood vessels network throughout the entire body. Your kidneys are made up of vessels and can become damaged as well. If the vessels in the kidneys become impaired, waste cannot be eliminated from the body and a form of treatment called dialysis might be required. If blood sugar is not kept under control, damage to the kidneys will continue to the point where a transplant might be needed or daily dialysis is required to remove waste from the bloodstream. The good news is practically all of the complications that occur with diabetes can be prevented when the right care is taken.

With proper diet and nutrition one can successfully prevent diabetic complications. Along with diet and nutrition, vitamins, minerals and herbs can also help lower blood sugar and reduce the complications that may occur. The best kind of supplement is one that combines vitamins and herbs together so that they work together synergistically to effectively lower blood sugar. You might be wondering what vitamins, minerals and herbs are good for blood sugar, your in luck here is a list:

Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B-6, Folic Acid, Vitamin B-12, Biotin, Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium, Copper, Manganese, Chromium, Gymnema Sylvestre, Bitter melon, Fenugreek seed extract, Bilberry berry extract, Bioflavonoids, and Vanadyl Sulfate. Make sure most of these ingredients are in the formula you buy. The frequency at which you take these supplements should be listed on the bottle you buy as well. As a rule of thumb they should be taken at least twice a day. Do not stop taking your normal multiple vitamin supplement; diabetic formulas are a complement to what you currently take not a replacement.

Vitamin C (ascorbic Acid) – keeps diabetics blood vessels and kidneys healthy. Vitamin C works with vitamin E to get sugar out of the blood stream and into the cells.

Vitamin E (Natural Tocopherols) – helps prevent nerve damage, helps prevent kidney damage, blindness, and heart attack. Vitamin E works with the B vitamins to help keep the pancreas healthy.

Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine HCL) – works with folic acid to help prevent nerve damage and heart attack.

Folic Acid – works with B-12 to help prevent stroke and the loss of limbs due to diabetic complications.

Vitamin B-12 (cyanocobalamin) – works with B-6 and folic acid to help relieve neuropathic pain.

Biotin – helps insulin work better and helps keep the pancreas working well to lower blood sugar.

Magnesium (Krebs Cycle Chelate) – helps insulin work more effectively and relieves neuropathic pain.

Zinc (picolinate, chelate) – helps insulin work better and helps shuttle blood sugar into cells.

Selenium (aspartate) – helps prevent nerve damage and protects blood vessels against elevated blood sugar. Selenium mimics insulin helping blood sugar into the cells.

Copper (picolinate) – helps protect the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. Also, copper helps prevent diabetes-related damage to blood vessels and nerves, and lowers blood sugar levels.

Manganese – helps prevent damage to nerves and blood vessels.

Chromium (picolinate) – works with biotin to help bring down blood sugar and keeps the pancreas working well.

Gymnema Sylvestre leaf extract – helps balance blood sugar and may protect us from gaining weight.

Bitter melon whole fruit extract – helps pathways in the liver work more efficiently; lowers blood sugar levels.

Fenugreek seed extract – helps our kidneys and liver metabolize blood sugar more efficiently.

Bilberry berry extract – helps reduce the severity of diabetic cataracts.

Mixed bioflavonoids – helps protect vitamin C and E from becoming damaged. Helps clear and sharpen vision in diabetics.

Vanadyl sulfate – helps muscle and liver cells use insulin more effectively.

These supplements will not lower your blood sugar too much, but help bring them down to a more normal level. Diabetes is a disease that needs to be monitored daily several times throughout the day. When you start taking a diabetic supplement to help equalize your blood sugar, monitor your sugar levels more often at first so you can get a feel for where you sugar levels come down to before taking more insulin. A normal range of blood sugar for diabetics before a meal is 70 – 150 (1,2,5) and ideally 70 – 120.

The diabetic formula you may take for lowering blood sugar is by no means a license to eat any way you want. You still need to eat healthy and see your health practitioner on a regular basis. Diabetes might make you feel overwhelmed, especially if you have recently been diagnosed with it. With proper exercise, diet, and vitamin supplements you can be well on your way to a lower more manageable blood sugar level, and live a longer healthier life.

References:
1. American Diabetes Association. In the news. Available at: www.ada.yellowbrix.com/pages/ada. Accessed on December 10, 2001.
2. Guven S, Kuenzi J. Diabetes mellitus. In: Porth CM. Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott; 1998: 810-830.
3. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Diabetes mellitus. In: Textbook of Medical Physiology. 10th Ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company;2000: .
4. Grodner M, Anderson SL, DeYoung S. Diabetes mellitus. In: Foundations and Clinical Applications of Nutrition: A Nursing Approach. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2000:540-548.
5. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Do your level best. Available at: www.niddk.nih.gov/health/diabetes/dylb/chap1.htm#e. Accessed December 31, 2001.